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1.
MedicalExpress (São Paulo, Online) ; 3(5)Sept.-Oct. 2016. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-829162

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To analyze changes in gamma band absolute power in motor cortical areas, before and after a condition of hand immobilization for 48 hours. METHOD: Fifteen healthy volunteers, aged between 20 and 30, were submitted to EEG assessment before and after 48 hours of immobilization of the dominant hand, while performing a motor task triggered by a visual stimulus. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA with two within-group factors (moment x condition), each one with two levels (before vs. after visual stimuli; before vs. after 48-hour HI, respectively) was used to test for changes in beta band absolute power. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed that hand immobilization caused changes in cortical areas. A significant increase in gamma band absolute power was found after hand immobilization at electrodes F3 (p = 0.001) at F4 (p = 0.001) and at Fz (p = 0.001), at C3 (p = 0.001), C4 (p = 0.001) and Cz (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: These results reveal that oscillations of the gamma band can be a cortical strategy to solve the effect of less activation due to movement restriction. Knowledge of the functioning of motor cortical areas after a condition of immobilization can lead to more effective strategies in rehabilitation.


OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar mudanças na potência absoluta da banda gamma em áreas corticais motoras, antes e depois de uma condição de imobilização da mão por 48 horas. MÉTODO: Quinze voluntários saudáveis, com idades entre 20 e 30 anos, foram submetidos a avaliação eletroencefalográfica antes e depois da imobilização, durante a execução de uma tarefa motora desencadeada por um estímulo visual. Uma análise de variância com dois fatores (ANOVA two-way) foi empregada para investigar o fator momento (antes e depois do estímulo visual) e o fator condição (antes e depois da imobilização). RESULTADOS: Um aumento significativo na potencia absoluta da banda gamma foi encontrado após imobilização da mão nos elétrodos (ou derivações) F3, F4, FZ, C3, C4 e Cz. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados revelam que as oscilações na banda gama podem ser uma estratégia cortical para resolver o efeito de menor ativação devido à restrição de movimento. Um melhor conhecimento do funcionamento de áreas corticais motoras após uma condição de imobilização pode orientar estratégias mais eficazes na reabilitação.


Subject(s)
Electroencephalography/methods , Hand/physiopathology , Immobilization/methods , Neuronal Plasticity , Analysis of Variance
2.
Rev. bras. enferm ; 68(4): 697-704, jul.-ago. 2015. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-761094

ABSTRACT

RESUMOObjetivo:interpretar as histórias de vida dos idosos longevos de uma comunidade, alicerçada na perspectiva do Envelhecimento Ativo e Curso de Vida.Método:pesquisa qualitativa, da qual participaram vinte idosos de 80 anos e mais, usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde. As histórias de vida foram coletadas e analisadas segundo a proposta da Entrevista Narrativa Autobiográfica.Resultados:no processo analítico surgiram elementos presentes no passado e presente dos longevos, que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento de um modelo teórico: "Construindo a longevidade no curso de vida".Conclusãoa longevidade tem suas raízes no passado, fortemente infl uenciada pela cultura familiar e curso de vida, os pressupostos do Envelhecimento Ativo são mais expressivos na trajetória atual dos informantes. O teor das narrativas apontou novas possibilidades de intervenção da Enfermagem Gerontológica na Atenção Primária, visando à promoção e à prevenção da saúde, fundamentadas especialmente no respeito à cultura dos longevos.


RESUMENObjetivo:interpretar las historias de vida de ancianos longevos de una comunidad, basada en la perspectiva del Envejecimiento Activo y Curso de Vida.Método:es la investigación cualitativa. Participaron veinte ancianos de 80 años o más, usuarios de una Unidad Básica de Salud. Las historias de vida fueron obtenidas e analizadas de acuerdo a la propuesta de la Entrevista Narrativa Autobiográfica.Resultados:elementos presentes en el pasado y el presente de los longevos, contribuyeron para el desarrollo de un modelo teórico: "Construyendo la longevidad en el curso de vida".Conclusión:la longevidad tiene sus raíces en el pasado, muy infl uenciada por la cultura familiar y curso de vida, los presupuestos del Envejecimiento Activo son más expresivos en la trayectoria actual de los informantes. Las narrativas han apuntado nuevas posibilidades de intervención de la Enfermería Gerontológica en la Atención Primaria, con la finalidad de hacer promoción y prevención de la salud, fundamentada especialmente en el respeto a la cultura de los longevos.


ABSTRACTObjective:to interpret life histories of the oldest-old in a community, grounded on the perspective of the Active Aging and Life Course.Method:this is a qualitative research. Participants included twenty seniors 80 years and older, users of a Basic Health Unit. Life histories were collected and analyzed according to the proposition of the Autobiographical Narrative Interview.Results:during the analytic process, elements found in the elders' present and past arose, contributing to the development of a theoretical model: "Building longevity along the life course."Conclusion:longevity is rooted in the past, strongly infl uenced by the family culture and life course; assumptions of the Active Aging are more meaningful in the informants' present trajectory. The content of the narratives pointed to new possibilities of Gerontology Nursing intervention in Primary Care, aiming at health promotion and intervention, specially grounded on the respect to the oldest-elders' culture.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Anesthesia/veterinary , Anesthetics, Combined/administration & dosage , Immobilization/veterinary , Ketamine , Mole Rats , Xylazine , Anesthesia/methods , Immobilization/methods , Injections, Intramuscular/veterinary , Ketamine/administration & dosage , Xylazine/administration & dosage
3.
Clinics ; 70(5): 318-321, 05/2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-748280

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The eradication of Helicobacter (H.) pylori allows peptic ulcers in patients infected with the bacteria to be cured. Treatment with the classic triple regimen (proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin and clarithromycin) has shown decreased efficacy due to increased bacterial resistance to clarithromycin. In our country, the eradication rate by intention to treat with this regimen is 83%. In Brazil, a commercially available regimen for bacterial eradication that uses levofloxacin and amoxicillin with lansoprazole is available; however, its efficacy is not known. Considering that such a treatment may be an alternative to the classic regimen, we aimed to verify its efficacy in H. pylori eradication. METHODS: Patients with peptic ulcer disease infected with H. pylori who had not received prior treatment were treated with the following regimen: 30 mg lansoprazole bid, 1,000 mg amoxicillin bid and 500 mg levofloxacin, once a day for 7 days. RESULTS: A total of 66 patients were evaluated. The patients’ mean age was 52 years, and women comprised 55% of the sample. Duodenal ulcers were present in 50% of cases, and gastric ulcers were present in 30%. The eradication rate was 74% per protocol and 73% by intention to treat. Adverse effects were reported by 49 patients (74%) and were mild to moderate, with a prevalence of diarrhea complaints. CONCLUSIONS: Triple therapy comprising lansoprazole, amoxicillin and levofloxacin for 7 days for the eradication of H. pylori in Brazilian peptic ulcer patients showed a lower efficacy than that of the classic triple regimen. .


Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Immobilization/instrumentation , Immobilization/veterinary , Multimodal Imaging/veterinary , Neoplasms/diagnosis , Positron-Emission Tomography , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Immobilization/methods , Mice, Nude , Multimodal Imaging/methods , Reproducibility of Results , Sodium Radioisotopes
4.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-743699

ABSTRACT

Introdução: O músculo esquelético se adapta continuamente a estímulos. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos da imobilização e remobilização sobre parâmetros morfológicos dos músculos sóleo e tibial anterior de ratos Wistar. Métodos: Dezoito animais foram imobilizados por 15 dias, divididos em três grupos de seis componentes cada: G1 – somente imobilizados; G2 – remobilizados livremente; G3 – remobilizados em meio aquático. Foram coletados os músculos sóleo e tibial anterior, direitos (imobilizados ou tratados) e esquerdos (controle). Resultados: A imobilização reduziu massa, diâmetro da fibra e comprimento do músculo sóleo, e massa muscular do tibial anterior. Em G2 e G3, houve aumento da massa e comprimento muscular do tibial anterior; e aumento do menor diâmetro da fibra do sóleo em G3. Conclusão: A imobilização afeta a morfologia dos músculos estudados, a remobilização livre e em meio aquático foram eficientes na recuperação do tibial anterior, enquanto para o sóleo apenas os exercícios aquáticos foram eficazes.


Introduction: Skeletal muscle has the ability to continuously adapt to different stimuli. Objective: To analyze the effects of immobilization and remobilization on morphology parameters of soleus and tibial anterior of Wistar rats. Methods: Eighteen animals were immobilized for 15 days and divided into three groups of six animals each: G1 – only immobilized; G2 – remobilized freely; G3 – remobilized in water. The soleus and tibial anterior muscles both rights (immobilized or treated) and left (control) were collected. Results: Immobilization reduced muscle mass, fiber diameter and length of the soleus and muscle mass of tibial anterior. In G2 and G3 was an increase in muscle mass and length of tibial anterior; and an increase in fiber diameter on soleus in G3. Conclusion: Immobilization affects soleus and tibial anterior morphology, free and aquatic remobilization were effective in tibial anterior muscle recovery, however in the soleus muscle only the aquatic exercises were efficient.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Immobilization/methods , Swimming , Muscular Atrophy , Rats, Wistar , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal
5.
Ann Card Anaesth ; 2014 Oct; 17(4): 299-301
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-153703

ABSTRACT

The musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are common in healthcare providers and those who are doing sonography are also affected. There are reports of MSD in healthcare providers who do transthoracic echocardiography. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is being regularly used in peri‑operative setting. We describe MSD of hand in a cardiovascular and thoracic anesthesiologist who has been performing TEE scanning for 10% of his work‑time in operating room and critical care area for the last 8 years. As the role of TEE is increasing and many doctors are doing it on a routine basis, the knowledge of association of MSD with TEE and measures to prevent it is important.


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Cumulative Trauma Disorders/diagnosis , Cumulative Trauma Disorders/therapy , Echocardiography, Transesophageal , Humans , Immobilization/methods , Male , Middle Aged , Musculoskeletal Diseases/diagnosis , Musculoskeletal Diseases/therapy , Rest , Thumb/injuries
6.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 47(6): 483-491, 06/2014. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-709445

ABSTRACT

Extracellular matrix and costamere proteins transmit the concentric, isometric, and eccentric forces produced by active muscle contraction. The expression of these proteins after application of passive tension stimuli to muscle remains unknown. This study investigated the expression of laminin and dystrophin in the soleus muscle of rats immobilized with the right ankle in plantar flexion for 10 days and subsequent remobilization, either by isolated free movement in a cage or associated with passive stretching for up to 10 days. The intensity of the macrophage response was also evaluated. One hundred and twenty-eight female Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups: free for 10 days; immobilized for 10 days; immobilized/free for 1, 3, or 10 days; or immobilized/stretched/free for 1, 3, or 10 days. After the experimental procedures, muscle tissue was processed for immunofluorescence (dystrophin/laminin/CD68) and Western blot analysis (dystrophin/laminin). Immobilization increased the expression of dystrophin and laminin but did not alter the number of macrophages in the muscle. In the stretched muscle groups, there was an increase in dystrophin and the number of macrophages after 3 days compared with the other groups; dystrophin showed a discontinuous labeling pattern, and laminin was found in the intracellular space. The amount of laminin was increased in the muscles treated by immobilization followed by free movement for 10 days. In the initial stages of postimmobilization (1 and 3 days), an exacerbated macrophage response and an increase of dystrophin suggested that the therapeutic stretching technique induced additional stress in the muscle fibers and costameres.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Dystrophin/metabolism , Immobilization/methods , Laminin/metabolism , Macrophages/metabolism , Muscle Stretching Exercises/methods , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Blotting, Western , Dystrophin/isolation & purification , Extracellular Matrix/metabolism , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Intracellular Space/metabolism , Laminin/isolation & purification , Mechanotransduction, Cellular/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/injuries , Rats, Wistar
7.
Acta ortop. bras ; 21(1): 40-42, jan.-fev. 2013. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-670856

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do uso de um novo método de imobilização provisória para os pacientes com fratura transtrocanteriana durante o período pré-operatório. Métodos: Durante três meses, 33 pacientes foram atendidos no Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia devido à fratura transtrocantérica. Foram selecionados 22 pacientes e divididos em um grupo que utilizou a imobilização desenvolvida e outro que não utilizou. Os pacientes participaram da avaliação com a Escala Visual Analógica de Dor (EVA) em três momentos distintos durante o período perioperatório para se observarem o consumo de analgésicos e as possíveis complicações. Resultados: O grupo que utilizou a imobilização queixou-se de menos dor, utilizou menor quantidade de analgésicos e apresentou menor incidência de complicações clínicas. Conclusão: O uso do aparelho pareceu ser eficaz, porém foi estatisticamente não significativo. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Prospectivo Comparativo.


Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a new method of provisional preoperative imobilization for patientes with transtrochanteric femoral fractures. Methods: Over a three-month period, 33 patients were treated at the Orthopaedic Trauma Service for transtrochanteric femoral fracture. We selected 22 patients and they were divided into groups with and without the use of the developed imobilization. The patients were evaluated according to the Visual Analogue Scale for Pain (VAS) during the preoperative and postoperative period in order to verify the analgesic consume and clinical complications. Results: The group that used the imobilization had lower pain, reduced analgesic consume and had less clinical complications. Conclusion: The new imobilization therefore presents good results, however not statistical significant. Level of Evidence II, Prospective Comparative Study.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Analgesics , Femoral Fractures/rehabilitation , Hip Fractures/rehabilitation , Immobilization/methods , Weights and Measures
8.
Braz. j. phys. ther. (Impr.) ; 16(3): 254-260, May-June 2012. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-641682

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: In the literature, there are several experimental models that induce scoliosis in rats; however, they make use of drugs or invasive interventions to generate a scoliotic curve. OBJECTIVES: To design and apply a non-invasive immobilization model to induce scoliosis in rats. METHODS: Four-week old male Wistar rats (85±3.3g) were divided into two groups: control (CG) and scoliosis (SG). The animals in the SG were immobilized by two vests (scapular and pelvic) made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and externally attached to each other by a retainer that regulated the scoliosis angle for twelve weeks with left convexity. After immobilization, the abdominal, intercostal, paravertebral, and pectoral muscles were collected for chemical and metabolic analyses. Radiographic reports were performed every 30 days over a 16-week period. RESULTS: The model was effective in the induction of scoliosis, even 30 days after immobilization, with a stable angle of 28±5º. The chemical and metabolic analyses showed a decrease (p<0.05) in the glycogenic reserves and in the relationship between DNA and total protein reserves of all the muscles analyzed in the scoliosis group, being lower (p<0.05) in the convex side. The values for the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance indicated a resistance condition to insulin (p<0.05) in the scoliosis group (0.66±0.03), when compared to the control group (0.81±0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The scoliosis curvature remained stable 30 days after immobilization. The chemical and metabolic analyses suggest changes in muscular homeostasis during the induced scoliosis process.


CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: Encontram-se na literatura diversos modelos experimentais de indução de escoliose em ratos, porém evidencia-se o uso de drogas ou intervenções invasivas para a geração da curvatura escoliótica. OBJETIVOS: Projetar e aplicar um modelo de imobilização não-invasiva para a indução de escoliose em ratos. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos com idade inicial de quatro semanas (85±3,3g) foram divididos nos grupos controle (GC) e escoliose (GE). Os animais do GE foram imobilizados por dois cintos (escapular e pélvico) de policloreto de vinila (PVC), interligados externamente por um limitador que regulava o ângulo da escoliose durante 12 semanas, com convexidade à esquerda. Após a imobilização, os músculos abdominais, intercostais, paravertebrais e peitorais bilateralmente foram coletados para as análises químio-metabólicas. Os registros radiológicos foram realizados a cada 30 dias, num total de 16 semanas. RESULTADOS: O modelo foi eficiente e eficaz na indução da escoliose, mesmo após 30 dias da desmobilização, mantendo um ângulo estável de 28±5 graus. Quanto às análises químio-metabólicas, observou-se diminuição (p<0,05) nas reservas glicogênicas e na relação proteína total/DNA de todos os músculos analisados do GE, sendo menores (p<0,05) no lado da convexidade. Os valores do HOMA-IR indicaram um quadro de resistência à insulina (p<0,05) no GE (0,66±0,03) quando comparado ao GC (0,81±0,02). CONCLUSÕES: A curvatura escoliótica manteve-se estável após 30 dias da desmobilização, e as alterações químio-metabólicas sugeriram a ocorrência de modificações na homeostasia muscular durante o processo indutor da escoliose.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Disease Models, Animal , Immobilization/methods , Scoliosis , Equipment Design , Immobilization/instrumentation , Rats, Wistar
9.
Acta cir. bras ; 27(1): 76-81, Jan. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-608000

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Evaluate a new immobilization kidney method for collecting blind percutaneous renal biopsies (RB) in healthy cats. METHODS: Ten cats were biopsied by a modified blinded percutaneous technique using semi-automated needles. Were evaluated the operational aspects of the technique, its complications, and the quality of the obtained samples. The evaluation included physical examination, hemogram, urinalysis, abdominal ultrasound, renal function, and histopathology of the biopsy specimens. RESULTS: The developed technique was fast and easy to perform; it required two operators, and the right kidney was elected for specimen collection. After the RB, a decrease in hematocrit levels was observed in addition to hematuria and perirenal transient hematoma; however, no clinical consequences were observed, and normal parameters were restored within 48 hrs. There were no major complications or deaths, alterations in the physical examination or renal function, or signs of infection. Of the samples, 95 percent revealed the presence of renal tissue, and in 100 percent of the cats the samples were of diagnostic quality. CONCLUSION: The technique was easily performed, provided adequate material for diagnosis with minimal transient complications.


OBJETIVO: Avaliar um novo método de imobilização do rim para coleta de biopsia renal (BR) percutânea às cegas em gatos hígidos. MÉTODOS: Dez gatos foram biopsiados por uma técnica de biopsia percutânea às cegas modificada, com uso de agulha semi-automática. Foram avaliados os aspectos operacionais da técnica, complicações e a qualidade das amostras obtidas. A avaliação incluiu exame físico, hemograma, urinálise, ultrassonografia abdominal, função renal e análise histopatológica do espécime de biopsia. RESULTADOS: A técnica foi de fácil realização; foram requeridos dois operadores, e o rim direito foi eleito para a coleta da BR. Após a BR, diminuição do hematócrito foi observada, em conjunto com hematúria e hematoma peri-renal transitório; entretanto, não foram observadas conseqüências clínicas, e os parâmetros normais foram restabelecidos em 48 horas. Não ocorreram complicações maiores ou óbitos, alterações ao exame físico, função renal ou sinais de infecção. Das amostras obtidas, 95 por cento revelaram presença de tecido renal, e em 100 por cento dos gatos as amostras apresentaram qualidade para diagnóstico. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica foi realizada facilmente, forneceu material adequado para diagnóstico, com complicações clínicas mínimas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Male , Biopsy, Needle/methods , Immobilization/methods , Kidney/pathology , Biopsy, Needle/adverse effects , Disease Models, Animal
10.
AJM-Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 2012; 48 (2): 179-185
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-145354

ABSTRACT

Airway management is a major responsibility for anesthetist. This study was carried out to evaluate and compare the efficacy of Airtraq [AL] and Macintosh Laryngoscopes [ML] in intubating patients with cervical spine immobilization using manual inline axial stabilization technique [MIAS]. This randomized controlled study was carried out in Alexandria Main University Hospital on 40 adult ASA I and II patients after written informed consent and approval of the ethical committee, randomly categorized into two equal groups. All patients were subjected to same anesthetic protocol. Group I patients were intubated using AL and group II patients were intubated using ML. Hemodynamic measurements and oxygen saturation were recorded. Intubation criteria for both groups including [duration of intubation procedure, number of attempts, number of optimization maneuvers, Cormack and Lehane grade at laryngoscopy, Intubation Difficulty Scale score [IDS], rate of successful placement of endotracheal tube, neck mobility during laryngoscopy and intubation complications were recorded. Data statistically analyzed using SPSS[R] software using [t and x[2] tests] and P < 0.05 considered significant. There was statistically significant increase in both heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure values following intubation in ML group than AL, oxygen saturation showed no significant difference between the two groups. Duration of intubation was statistically significant longer in ML group and needed more optimization maneuvers than the AL group, while for the number of intubation attempts; there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Both the Cormack and Lehane grading and IDS score values have shown statistically significant higher values in ML group. The Airtraq Laryngoscope offers a new approach for the management of difficult airway like patients with potential cervical spine injury, it is fast, easy to use, gets an easy view of the larynx without moving the cervical spines or causing hemodynamic stimulation


Subject(s)
Humans , Laryngoscopy/statistics & numerical data , Intubation/methods , Spinal Injuries/surgery , Immobilization/methods , Hospitals, University
11.
Braz. j. morphol. sci ; 28(4): 217-221, Oct-Dez. 2011.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-644153

ABSTRACT

This paper offers a literature review on the effects of immobilization on rat skeletal muscle tissue. The authors were unanimous with regard to the reduction in muscle mass, cross-section area and myonuclei in the muscles studied, especially in relation to the alteration in the regulation of the protein synthesis and degradation process as well as an alteration in the activity of oxidative enzymes caused by immobilization. With regard to the muscle fiber type, most authors report having found a greater amount of type 2 fibers over type 1 fibers, thereby implying an alteration in the contractile function of the affected muscle. These findings suggest greater degradation and/or substitution of tonic (postural or type 1) fibers by phasic (rapid contraction or type 2) fibers. Thus, the present study suggests that, regardless of the method employed, immobilization has harmful effects on skeletal muscle tissue in rats.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Immobilization/adverse effects , Immobilization/methods , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Atrophy
12.
Rev. venez. cir. ortop. traumatol ; 42(2): 9-28, dic. 2010. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-592400

ABSTRACT

En el presente trabajo observacional descriptivo se evaluó el tratamiento de las fracturas diafisiarias de tibia con el sistema de enclavado endomedular CITEC - ULA® en los pacientes mayores de 15 años en el servicio de Ortopedia y Traumatología del Hospital Universitario de Los Andes en el período: Enero de 2009 a Abril de 2010. Se incluyeron 21 pacientes con diagnóstico de fractura diafisiaria de tibia. Según el género: 18 de los pacientes son masculinos y 3 femeninos. Según Grupo Etario: 10 pacientes corresponde al grupo de 16 - 26 años. En 16 de los 21 pacientes la fractura se produjo en un accidente de tipo motocicleta. Según el tipo de fractura AO/ASIF: 6 pacientes presentaron tipo A2, 5 tipo A3, 5 tipo B2, 4 tipo B3, 1 tipo C1. Según la lesión de partes blandas: 12 pacientes presentaron fractura cerrada y 9 fractura abierta de grado III. Se complicó un paciente con Osteomielitis. Se presentaron 2 complicaciones asépticas tipo pseudoartrosis. El promedio de edad es de 32 años, el tiempo transcurrido entre la fractura y el enclavado es de 12 días, y el tiempo entre el enclavado y la consolidación es de 22 semanas con 4 días. El sistema de enclavado endomedular CITEC - ULA® es una excelente opción para el tratamiento de este tipo de fracturas.


In the present work observacional descriptive CITEC - ULA®. evaluated the treatment of the fractures diafisiarias of tibia with the system of nailed endomedular in the 15-year-old major patients in the service of Orthopedics and Orthopedic surgery of the University Hospital of The Andes in the period: January, 2009 to April, 2010. 21 patients were included by diagnosis of fracture diafisiaria of tibia. According to the kind: 18 of the patients are masculine and 3 feminine ones. According to Group Etario: 10 patients it corresponds to the group of 16 - 26 years. In 16 of 21 patients the fracture produced to itself in an accident of type motorcycle. According to the type of fracture AO/ASIF: 6 patients presented type A2, 5 type A3, 5 type B2, 4 type B3, 1 type C1. According to the injury of soft parts: 12 patients presented closed fracture and 9 fracture opened of degree the IIIrd. I complicate a patient with Osteomielitis. They presented 2 aseptic complications type pseudoartrosis. The average of age is 32 years, the time passed between the fracture and the nailed one is 12 days, and the time between the nailed one and the consolidation is 22 weeks with 4 days. The system of nailed endomedular CITEC - ULA is an excellent option for the treatment of this type of fractures.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Bone Nails , Orthopedic Fixation Devices , Fractures, Open/surgery , Fractures, Closed/surgery , Tibial Fractures/surgery , Tibial Fractures/diagnosis , Immobilization/methods , Pseudarthrosis/pathology , Orthopedics
13.
Acta ortop. bras ; 18(3): 132-134, 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-549192

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: As fraturas supracondilares de Gartland tipo III são as lesões comuns em crianças. Apresentamos um método de redução manipulativa, imobilização e fixação usando gesso-de-Paris, com o cotovelo em extensão total (braço reto). MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo analisando todos os pacientes com fraturas supracondilares de Gartland tipo III no Wellington Public Hospital, durante o período de fevereiro de 1999 a março de 2007. Os sete pacientes foram tratados pela técnica do braço reto, e os desfechos clínicos foram revisados neste estudo. RESULTADO: Todos os pais ficaram satisfeitos com os resultados. Usando os critérios de Flynn,6 seis pacientes atingiram excelentes resultados e um teve resultado bom quando se analisou o ângulo de alinhamento. Ao verificar a amplitude de movimento, quatro pacientes tiveram resultados bons, um moderado e dois, ruim. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento com braço reto das fraturas supracondilares de Gartland tipo III parece ser uma alternativa não-invasiva e segura da fixação com fio K.


OBJECTIVE: Gartland type III supracondylar fractures are a common injury in children. We present a method of manipulative reduction, immobilization and fixation using Plaster of Paris with the elbow in full extension (straight-arm). METHOD: Retrospective study analyzing all patients with Gartland type III supracondylar fractures at the Wellington Public Hospital during the period from February 1999 to March 2007. The seven patients had been treated with the straight-arm technique, and the clinical outcomes are reviewed in this study. RESULT: All the parents were satisfied with the results. Using the Flynn criteria6, six patients achieved excellent results and one good, in relation to the carrying angle. With regard to the range of motion, four patients had good results, one fair, and two poor. CONCLUSION: Straight-arm treatment of Gartland type III supracondylar fractures appears to be a non-invasive and safe alternative to K-wire fixation.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Fracture Fixation, Internal , Humeral Fractures/physiopathology , Humeral Fractures/rehabilitation , Immobilization/methods , Arm , Brazil , Elbow/injuries , Humeral Fractures , Retrospective Studies
14.
Med. interna (Caracas) ; 26(1): 48-60, 2010. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-772225

ABSTRACT

La Enfermedad TromboembólicaVenosa (ETV), es diagnosticada muchas veces tardíamente. La mayoría de los casos han sido reportados en pacientes con patologías médicas e inmovilización prolongada. Determinar la relación entre la inmovilización prolongada como factor de riesgo para ETV y su influencia real en el flujo venoso y, los biomarcadores aceptados (Dímero-D). Estudio de cohorte, prospectivo, longitudinal, observacional, de corte transversal, en hospitalizados por patologías médicas, con medición de la velocidad del flujo venoso en miembros inferiores, usando ultrasonografía doppler, correlacionado con el tiempo de inmovilización y niveles de Dímero D a los días 1 y 4 de hospitalización en el Hospital Militar “Dr. Carlos Arvelo”, Caracas, Venezuela. Se obtuvo disminución del flujo venoso de un 20,51± 15,93% al cuarto día (p=0,0002). No se encontró relación entre las variables de disminución en la velocidad de flujo con Dímero D ni con el tiempo de inmovilización. Colateralmente, en las enfermedades metabólicas se presentó disminución marcada del flujo venoso (38,05 ± 10 03%, p=0,003). En el cuarto día de hospitalización se encontraron cambios que pudieran favorecer la aparición de ETV, independientes del tiempo de inmovilización y de los niveles de dímero D; La presencia de enfermedad metabólica o infecciosa se presentó con cambios en el flujo venoso, como un factor de riesgo para ETV


The diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolic Disease (VTD) is often delayed . Most cases have been reported in patients with medical conditions and prolonged immobilization. To determine the relationship between prolonged immobilization as a risk factor for VTD and its influence in venous flow and D- dimer. A prospective, observational study in patients who were hospitalized due to medical conditions, in whom venous flow was measured by Doppler ultrasound and D-dimer on days 1 and 4 of admission. Venous flow was diminished 20,5±15,9 % on day 4 (p= 0,0002). No relationship was found with D-dimer or time of immobilization. In patients who had metabolic and infectious diseases venous flow was markedly diminished (38,05 ± 10 03%, p=0,003.) On the 4th day of hospitalization we found changes that could be a risk factor for VTD independently of the immobilization period or D- Dimer levels. The presence of some metabolic or infectious diseases showed changes in venous flow as risk factor for VT


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Immobilization/methods , Regional Blood Flow , Venous Thromboembolism/pathology , Thromboembolism/pathology , Ultrasonography
15.
Acta cir. bras ; 24(4): 311-315, July-Aug. 2009. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-522966

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To determine whether rocuronium would provide safe, short-term immobilization in Podocnemis expansa. METHODS: Twenty P. expansa, weighing on average 1.59 ± 0.28 kg, were subjected to two protocols: G1 0.25 mg/kg IM of rocuronium and 0.07 mg/kg IM of neostigmine, while G2 received 0.50 mg/kg IM of rocuronium and 0.07 mg/kg IM of neostigmine. The drugs were applied, respectively, in the left and right thoracic members. Assessments were made of the anesthetic parameters of respiratory frequency, heartbeat, righting reflex, cloacal relaxation, palpebral and pupilar reflexes, easy handling, muscle relaxation, locomotion, response to pain stimuli in the right thoracic members, pelvic members and tail, ambient humidity and temperature. RESULTS: They were not found statistical differences between the dosages for the majority of the assessments. G1 was as efficient as G2. A consistent neuromuscular blockade effect was recorded 12 ± 4.21 minutes in G1 and G2. All the animals were recovered in 150 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of rocuronium at dose of 0.25 to 0.5 mg/kg IM is a safe and effective adjunct to clinical proceedings or pre-anesthetics in P. expansa. Because rocuronium does not provide any analgesic or sedative effects, the duration of neuromuscular blockade without anesthesia should be minimized to avoid undue stress.


OBJETIVO: Determinar se o rocurônio promove imobilização segura e de curta duração em Podocnemis expansa. MÉTODOS: Vinte P. expansa com média de peso 1,59 ± 0,28 kg, foram submetidas a dois protocolos: G1 recebeu rocurônio 0,25 mg/kg IM e neostigmina 0,07 mg/kg IM enquanto G2 rocurônio 0,50 mg/kg IM e neostigmina 0,07 mg/kg IM, aplicados no membro torácico esquerdo e direito, respectivamente. Observaram-se os parâmetros anestésicos: freqüência respiratória e cardíaca, reflexo de endireitamento, relaxamento do esfíncter da cloaca, reflexo palpebral e pupilar, facilidade de manipulação, relaxamento muscular, locomoção, resposta aos estímulos dolorosos no membro torácico direito, nos membros pelvinos e na cauda, temperatura e umidade ambiental. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre as doses para a maioria dos parâmetros e o G1 foi tão eficiente quanto o G2. Um bloqueio neuromuscular consistente foi observado aos 12 ± 4,21 minutos tanto no G1 como no G2. A recuperação de todos os animais ocorreu em até 150 minutos. CONCLUSÕES: Administração de rocurônio nas doses 0,25 e 0,50 mg/kg IM é segura e efetiva para os procedimentos clínicos ou pré-anestésicos em P. expansa. Como o rocurônio não produz efeitos sedativos ou analgésicos, a duração do bloqueio neuromuscular sem anestesia deverá ser minimizado para evitar estresse.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Androstanols/adverse effects , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Neostigmine/adverse effects , Neuromuscular Blockade/standards , Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents/adverse effects , Turtles/physiology , Anesthesia Recovery Period , Androstanols/administration & dosage , Brazil , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Immobilization/methods , Muscle Relaxation/drug effects , Neostigmine/administration & dosage , Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents/administration & dosage
16.
Acta ortop. bras ; 17(2): 46-49, 2009. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-515938

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliamos a influência da irradiação a laser, associada ou não a imobilização, nas propriedades mecânicas do músculo gastrocnêmio submetido à lesão experimental. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 70 ratas (Wistar), divididas em 7 grupos: grupo 1- controle; grupo2 - lesão; grupo3 - lesão-irradiação laser; grupo 4 - lesão-imobilização 24 horas-irradiação laser; grupo 5 - lesão- imobilização 72 horas-irradiação laser; grupo 6 - lesão-imobilização 24 horas; grupo 7 - lesão-imobilização 72 horas. Os músculos foram submetidos a ensaios mecânicos de tração e, utilizando gráficos carga x alongamento calculadas as propriedades mecânicas no limite de proporcionalidade e no limite máximo. RESULTADOS: A lesão provocou diminuição da carga nos limites máximo e de proporcionalidade em relação ao grupo1 (p< 0,05). . Os grupos 2, 4, 5 e 7 apresentaram diferença estatística em relação ao grupo 1. A propriedade de alongamento no limite de proporcionalidade apresentou diferença significante entre o grupo 1 e os grupos 4, 5, 6 e 7 e, entre os grupos 2 e 4. A propriedade de alongamento no limite máximo apresentou diferença entre os grupos 1 e 5 e, entre os grupos 3 e 5. CONCLUSÕES: A associação da imobilização por 24 e 72 horas à terapia laser não melhorou os resultados nas propriedades mecânicas do músculo. O uso isolado de cada modalidade de tratamento foi mais efetivo.


OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the influence of low-power laser irradiation, either associated or not with immobilization, on the mechanical properties of the gastrocnemius muscle submitted to experimental injury with an impact mechanism. METHODS: Seventy female Wistar rats were divided into 7 experimental groups: group 1 - control; group 2 - injury; group 3 - injury-laser irradiation; group 4 - injury-immobilization for 24-hour laser irradiation; group 5 - injury-immobilization for 72-hour laser irradiation; group 6 - injury-immobilization for 24 hours; group 7 - injury-immobilization for 72 hours. The IBRAMED® Laserpulse equipment (670 nm) was used for biostimulation. The muscles were submitted to mechanical assays in an EMIC® universal testing machine and load x stretching graphs were used to calculate the mechanical properties, i.e., at the proportionality limit and maximum limit. RESULTS: The injury provoked a reduction of load at the proportionality limit and at the maximum limit compared to group 1 (p< 0.05). Groups 2, 4, 5 and 7 differed significantly from group 1. The property of stretching at the proportionality limit differed significantly between group 1 and groups 4, 5, 6 and 7 and between groups 2 and 4. The property of stretching at the maximum limit differed between groups 1 and 5 and between groups 3 and 5. CONCLUSION: The association of immobilization for 24 and 72 hours with laser therapy did not improve the mechanical properties of the muscle, whereas the separate use of each treatment modality was more effective.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Biomechanical Phenomena , Immobilization/methods , Low-Level Light Therapy , Muscle Development , Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Laser Therapy , Rats, Wistar
17.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 28(4): 201-206, abr. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-485055

ABSTRACT

As hastes bloqueadas além de permitirem estabilização rígida de fraturas, possuem vantagens biomecânicas quando comparadas a outras técnicas de imobilização, por atuar ao longo do eixo mecânico central do osso, além de preservar os conceitos de padrões biológicos de osteossíntese . O uso limitado de hastes bloqueadas em gatos se atribui ao fato da cavidade intramedular ser pequena, limitando o tamanho e diâmetro dos pinos. Relatam-se casos de 10 felinos que apresentavam fraturas fechadas simples ou múltiplas da diáfise femoral. Os animais pesavam entre 3,5 e 5 kg, o que permitiu a utilização de hastes de 4,0mm e 4,7mm de diâmetro. Para inserção da haste, adotou-se a via retrógrada ou a normógrada e foram realizados bloqueios com quatro parafusos de titânio de 2,0 mm de diâmetro. Complicações intra-operatórias não ocorreram, entretanto um animal sofreu fratura de colo femoral e fratura transversa distal ao implante, três dias após o ato cirúrgico, devido a novo trauma. Os animais foram submetidos a exames radiográficos até quatro meses após a intervenção, evidenciando-se formação de calo ósseo secundário e consolidação óssea em período de 61-89 dias. Clinicamente, ocorreu esporadicamente alteração na marcha por leve claudicação de apoio definida por escala de claudicação, entretanto os animais iniciaram o apoio adequado entre três e oito dias após o ato operatório. Complicações pósoperatórias ocorreram referentes ao animal que sofreu novo trauma, entretanto notou-se consolidação do foco primário tratado pelo implante com 61 dias e consolidação da nova fratura num período total de 150 dias do início do tratamento conservativo por penso esparadrapado e tala. Conclui-se que o uso de haste bloqueada em felinos foi adequado uma vez que houve consolidação óssea em todos os casos, com retorno precoce da função do membro, permitindo a deambulação.


Interlocking nails allow rigid fracture stabilization and present biomechanical advantages when compared to other immobilization techniques. It acts along the central mechanical axis of the bone and preserves biological concept standards for osteosynthesis. The use of interlocking nail in cats is limited because the intramedullary space is relatively small for the available nail sizes. We reported 10 cases of cats that had simple or multiple closed fractures of the femoral diaphysis. The animals weighed 3.5 to 5 kg , which allowed using nails of 4.0mm and 4.7mm in diameter. For the nail insertion, retrograde and normograde routs were used, and four 2mm titanium screws were used to lock all the perforations. No trans-surgical complication occurred, however, due to a new trauma, one of the animals suffered femoral neck fracture and transversal distal fracture to the nail, three days after surgery. Radiographies were made up to four months after surgery, and in most cases secondary bone formation was seen, showing bone consolidation in 61-89 days, excluding the animal who suffered new trauma, who presented bone healing in 150 days. Clinically, occasional lameness occurred; however, except for the animal that had new trauma, all animals initiated adequate limb support in 3 to 8 days after surgery. In conclusion, the use of 4.0mm and 4.7mm interlocking nails in felines was adequate, with bone healing in all cases, and also return of good limb function after surgery.


Subject(s)
Animals , Diaphyses , Felidae , Femoral Fractures/surgery , Immobilization/methods , Organic Matter Stabilization
18.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 59(2): 363-370, abr. 2007. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-455747

ABSTRACT

Trinta e quatro ratos foram alocados em quatro grupos experimentais: sem imobilização (G1), com imobilização do joelho direito por 45 dias (G2), com imobilização e remobilização com atividade livre por cinco semanas (G3), imobilização e remobilização com atividade livre e natação por cinco semanas (G4). A imobilização interferiu negativamente na marcha e amplitude articular e o G4 apresentou melhor evolução na marcha nos cinco primeiros dias, em relação ao G3. Após esse período, a evolução foi similar. Os componentes do G2 apresentaram rigidez articular, não observada em G3 e G4. Histologicamente, a imobilização promoveu aumento da espessura da cápsula articular, evidenciada pela presença do tecido conjuntivo fibroso que substituiu o tecido adiposo no G2, mas em menor proporção em G3 e G4. A imobilização determinou perda de proteoglicanos da matriz cartilaginosa, aumento do número de condrócitos, dispostos de forma irregular, aumento da espessura da cartilagem calcificada, irregularidade da superfície articular, proliferação de tecido conjuntivo no espaço intra-articular e aumento da espessura do osso subcondral. O G3 apresentou maior número de alterações na cartilagem e osso subcondral, quando comparado com G4. A imobilização degenerou as células sinoviais, indicando diminuição da produção de fluido sinovial e do suprimento nutricional à cartilagem. Tanto a atividade livre quanto sua associação com a natação favoreceram o retorno das condições biomecânicas e da cápsula articular, anteriores à imobilização.


Thirty-four rats were randomly allocated into one of four experimental groups: without immobilization (G1), immobilization of the right knee joint for 45 days (G2), immobilization and remobilization with free activity for 5 weeks (G3), and immobilization and remobilization with free activity and swimming program for 5 weeks (G4). The immobilization was prejudicial to march and flexibility articular. Animals from G4 showed a better march evolution on the first five days as compared to those from G3. After that periods, march evolution were similar in both G3 and G4. Animals from G2 showed rigid joint while in those from G3 and G4 the articular movement was close to normal. The histological analysis pointed out that immobilization led to increase in articular capsule thickness evidenced by the presence of fibrous connective tissue replacing adipose tissue in G2, but proportionally less in G3 and G4. It was observed that immobilization determined loss of proteoglycans from the cartilaginous matrix, increase in the number of regularly arranged condrocytes, increase in calcified cartilage thickness, irregularity in the articular surface, proliferation of connective tissue in the intra-articular space and increase in subchondral bone thickness. The animals from G3 showed a greater number of alterations in both articular cartilage and subchondral bone, as compared to those from G4. Immobilization degenerated synovial cells indicating decreased synovial fluid production and reduced nutritional supplying to the cartilage. The free cage activity and its association with swimming influenced positively the return of biomechanics and articular capsule morphologic conditions to those before immobilization.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Knee Joint/physiology , Joints/anatomy & histology , Hindlimb Suspension/adverse effects , Hindlimb Suspension/methods , Immobilization/adverse effects , Immobilization/methods , Rats
19.
Acta ortop. bras ; 15(1): 50-54, 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-450339

ABSTRACT

O tratamento das lesões agudas do tendão do calcâneo ainda permanece controverso. Com o objetivo de estabelecer diretrizes atuais, para o tratamento destas lesões, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura. Nos trabalhos avaliadas foram estudadas 1342 lesões, sendo o tratamento conservador utilizado em 354 lesões e o cirúrgico em 988. A imobilização suropodálica foi a mais utilizada, independentemente do tipo de tratamento. Não houve predomínio de nenhuma técnica cirúrgica, quando utilizado o tratamento cirúrgico. Concluiu-se que: Atualmente, não há, na literatura, um método de tratamento preferencial, conservador ou cirúrgico, que seja consenso entre os autores, o qual possa ser aplicado a todos os pacientes com lesão aguda do tendão do Calcâneo. Atletas de competição devem ser, preferencialmente, tratados com reparação cirúrgica do tendão. O tratamento conservador é o preferencial em pacientes sedentários ou idosos, portadores de doenças que elevem o risco cirúrgico. O tratamento cirúrgico, seguido de movimentação precoce do tornozelo, tem apresentado bons resultados em relação à recuperação funcional do tendão. A imobilização deve ser suropodálica, não sendo necessária a imobilização do joelho tanto no tratamento cirúrgico como no conservador destas lesões. A via de acesso medial é a via preferencial no tratamento cirúrgico, devido à menor probabilidade de lesão do nervo sural.


The treatment of acute calcaneus tendon injuries remains controversial. Intending to establish updated guidelines for treating those injuries, a literature review was conducted. Among the papers assessed, 1342 injuries were studied, with conservative treatment being applied in 354 injuries and the surgical treatment in 988. Sural-podal immobilization was most frequently used, regardless of the kind of treatment. No surgical technique was prevalent when this kind of intervention was employed. The following were concluded: Currently, there is no preferred treatment method described in literature, either conservative or surgical, where a consensus is seen among authors, which could be applied to all patients with acute calcaneus tendon injuries. Competition athletes must preferably be treated with surgical repair of the tendon. Conservative treatment is preferable in sedentary or elderly patients, and in those suffering from diseases that may increase surgical risk. Surgical treatment, followed by early ankle mobilization, has presented good outcomes on functional tendon recovery. Immobilization should be sural-podal, not requiring knee immobilization both in conservative and surgical treatment of these injuries. The medial access port is preferable in surgical treatment due to the lower potential of sural nerve injury.


Subject(s)
Humans , Achilles Tendon/surgery , Achilles Tendon/injuries , Immobilization/methods , Rupture , Rupture/rehabilitation
20.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 64(3a): 596-599, set. 2006. ilus, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-435594

ABSTRACT

This prospective study evaluates the possible advantages of wrist imobilization after open carpal tunnel release comparing the results of two weeks immobilization and no immobilization. Fifty two patients with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome were randomly selected in two groups after open carpal tunnel release. In one group (A, n=26) the patients wore a neutral-position wrist splint continuosly for two weeks. In the other group (B, n=26) no wrist immobilization was used. Clinical assessment was done pre-operatively and at 2 weeks follow-up and included the two-point discrimination test at the second finger and two questionnaires as an outcome measurement of symptoms severity and intensity. All the patients presented improvement in the postoperative evaluations in the three analyzed parameters. There was no significant difference between the two groups for any of the outcome measurements at the final follow-up. We conclude that wrist immobilization in the immediate post-operative period have no advantages when compared with no immobilization in the end result of carpal tunnel release.


Neste estudo prospectivo avaliamos se há vantagens na imobilização pós-operatória do pulso após a cirurgia para o tratamento da síndrome do túnel do carpo comparando este tratamento com a ausência de imobilização. Cinqüenta e dois pacientes portadores de síndrome do túnel do carpo idiopática foram randomizados em dois grupos após a cirurgia. Em um grupo (grupo A, n=26) os pacientes utilizaram uma tala em posição neutra para imobilização do pulso por duas semanas. No outro grupo (B, n=26), nenhum tipo de imobilização foi adotada. A avaliação foi realizada antes da cirurgia e repetida após duas semanas e incluiu a mensuração da sensibilidade discriminatória no segundo dedo e dois questionários que avaliaram a gravidade e intensidade dos sintomas. Em todos os pacientes houve melhora nos parâmetros avaliados. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos considerando os parâmetros avaliados. Concluímos que a imobilização do pulso no período pós-operatório imediato não apresenta vantagens quando comparada com a ausência de imobilização após a descompressão cirúrgica do nervo mediano no punho.


Subject(s)
Humans , Carpal Tunnel Syndrome/therapy , Decompression, Surgical , Immobilization/methods , Splints , Wrist Joint , Combined Modality Therapy , Carpal Tunnel Syndrome/surgery , Prospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment Outcome
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